The synthesis of macrocyclic tetrapyrroles continues to be an area of vigorous research due to their application to a wide range of fields spanning the physical sciences. Only recently have general syntheses for the reduced systems, such as...
Coal combustion remains an important source of toxic metal emissions. Dilute concentrations and poor understanding of their chemistries hinders reduction of these emissions. This thesis examines the chemistry of the trace metals arsenic and mercury...
The potential of peptide mimics of V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to elicit cross-reactive immune responses against LPS was investigated, as an alternative approach towards the development of a cholera vaccine. Peptide mimics of two...
Chapter 1: Munchnones and mesoionic heterocycles The reactivity, regioselectivity, and synthetic applications of munchnones (1,3-oxazolium-5-olates) is a common theme which runs through Chapters 2-5. The definition, structure, and reactivity of...
While anthropogenic emissions of the toxic element mercury (Hg) to the atmosphere are currently rising, major uncertainties remain in determining the relative impacts of anthropogenic activity and natural processes on the global Hg cycle. In this...
Liver disease of different etiologies confers significant morbidity and mortality and hence it constitutes a major health concern worldwide. Stemming from a range of causes, such as viral, drug-induced, alcoholic, or autoimmune, the rate of...
Metal ions confer structural stability and reactivity to a large number of proteins that use the amino acids histidine (His) and cysteine (Cys) to form stable metal-ligand complexes. The stability of metal-His and metal-Cys interactions and their...
Acyl-CoA:Cholesterol Acyltransferases (ACATs) are key enzymes in cellular cholesterol metabolism. ACAT converts free cholesterol to cholesterol ester, which makes it more easily storable in lipid droplets. There are two ACAT genes encoding two...
Nutrients play fundamental roles in biological systems, affecting plant growth and quality, community structure, and species interactions. Although the effects of nutrients on primary and secondary production have been well documented, their...
A double-acceleration stage linear time of flight mass spectrometer (TOF MS) with Nd/YAG laser ablation cluster source was designed and constructed for cluster production, study and deposition. Cumulenic polycarbons SC n S ( n = 2-27) were...
APETALA3 ( AP3 ) and PISTILLATA ( PI ) are floral organ identity genes that are necessary and sufficient for petal and stamen development. Surprisingly little is known about molecular mechanisms by which AP3 and PI proteins direct floral organ...
The brain is a vastly interconnected information processing network. In humans, this network supports the rich mental space at the root of the imagination and enables many flexible cognitive abilities such as scientific and artistic creativity. How...
Understanding mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) accumulation and retention in forest soils is needed to reduce their negative impacts on human and wildlife health. In addition, mercury and lead can be used to characterize the role of soil in terrestrial...
The rat limbic system contains head direction (HD) cells that fire according to heading in the horizontal plane. These HD cells are thought to provide animals with an internal compass to guide navigation. Previous work has found that HD cell tuning...
Cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) is a primarily bacterial and nearly universal second messenger used to stimulate a variety of responses from the cell by binding effector proteins. It is created by enzymes called diguanylate cyclases (DGCs) and broken...
Since their discovery in laboratory plasmas in the 1920s, Langmuir waves have been observed to be ubiquitous in plasma environments, particularly in space plasmas. From the greater solar wind to planetary foreshocks and the auroral ionosphere,...
Sensing light from the environment using photoreceptors is of great adaptive significance to eukaryotes. A prominent feature of the photochemistry of these receptors is the photocycle length, the time taken to decay from the initial signaling light...
For most cancers, the genetic mechanisms that predispose normal cells to neoplastic transformation and tumor cells to therapeutic eradication are poorly understood. High throughput genotyping technologies have allowed the rapid discovery of...
LP-BM5 murine retroviral infection induces murine AIDS (MAIDS), and is characterized by profound and broad immunosuppression of T- and B-cell responses. Adaptive immune response to LP-BM5 infection, including the pathogenic role of CD4+ T-cells and...
The recognition of foreign peptides by MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins is a critical step in the immune response mounted by higher vertebrates against pathogens. MHC proteins have many allelic variants, each recognizing different...
Chromosomal instability (CIN) is defined as a high rate of whole chromosome loss or gain and is a hallmark of many aneuploid solid tumors. CIN positively correlates with poor patient prognosis and chemotherapeutic resistance. The persistence of...
CRISPR-Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-CRISPR associated) systems have been characterized as adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea, providing defense against mobile genetic elements, including bacteriophage,...